Wednesday, January 6, 2016

Animal Cruelty

Animal cruelty or abuse is when someone hurts an animal.  That could also mean that they aren’t taking responsibility for the animal for example, not giving an animal food and water.  It’s against the law to be cruel or harm animals, even your pets. 
Neurotic tendencies are common in humans as well as animals.  Abuse or cruelty may manifest as acute or chronic anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, phobia, or personality disorder.


Humans and Animals - There is a connection between domestic violence and animal abuse.  An abuser can control human victims by threatening to do harm to a family pet.  Between 71% and 83% researchers seen that women that walk into the domestic violence shelters have reported that their partner has abused or killed their family pet.  Families that were under supervision of child abuse found that 88% animal abuse also took place.  Animal hoarding is also animal abuse.  It is s neglect because of the unsanitary conditions and the lack of care towards the animals.  Leaving an abusive relationship might bring fear for the simple fact of the pets safety.

Zoos and Aquariums - Animals kept in zoos are being controlled in every aspect of their lives.  Where they are caged they have no choice who they share it with and who to mate with.  When to eat and what to eat.  The space they live in doesn’t resemble or reflect what their natural habitat would look or feel like. Living in a closed area the animals are experiencing mental health problems that aren’t observed in the wild.  They develop something called neurotic self-harming behavior. 
Zoos trade, lend, sell, barter and warehouse animals.  These types of actions take them away from the lasting bonds they have with their cage mate(s) and the staff.  They also disrupt their routine and their social skills resulting in trauma to the animals.
Aquatic animals also develop mental health problems. A study proved that 90 percent of the public aquariums have shown that their animals have neurotic behavior. 

Circuses- Circus trainers do not use positive reinforcement for the animals and the animals tend to be scared of not doing what their trainers demand of them because of the fear of repercussions.  Animals are physically punished when trained.  Animals are whipped, beaten, and shocked with electric prods.  The instrument favored by trainers on elephants is the bull-hook. It is used on sensitive areas of the elephant’s body.  Carson and Barnes trainers have documented using blowtorches on elephants.  
Circuses have held a long history of cruel training because there is little or no Government oversight.  The elephants are confined to small boxcars, trailers, and trucks due to the frequent traveling.  They often experience extreme heat, cold and limited veterinary care.  Many circus animals become depressed and aggressive due to the unnatural confinement and treatment.  When elephants have their babies and they are taken away, which happens often, everything the elephants know from their natural social instinct kicks in to cause the trainers to discipline them.









http://www.peta.org/issues/animals-in-entertainment/zoos/

Sunday, December 6, 2015

Exxon Valdez Oil Spill


Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
In 1973 Congress allowed Trans-Alaska pipeline, making the oil to access crude oil from Alaska’s North Slope.  The oil companies then were able to transport it to forty-eight states.  This meant big money for the companies but it also was a risk for Prince William Sound because fisheries made up a huge part the economy.  Alaska knew they wouldn’t be able to contain the oil if something were to happen.  Knowing that if a large oil spill would happen they wouldn’t be able to contain and it would result in long term consequences.  The oil companies promised to use great care when handling with the oil. 
In 1989 an Exxon Tanker hit a reef on the coast of Alaska in Prince William Sound.  Eleven of their cargo tanks ruptured allowing 10.8 million gallons of oil to be expelled, which covered 11,000 miles.  But that’s before the storm came blowing the oil farther and more widely.  After all of that they calculated that over 11,000 miles of coastline was contaminated.  The captain Joseph Hazelwood admitted being under the influence at the time of the incident.  Exxon knew prior to the incident that Hazelwood was a relapsed alcoholic.  Even after his license was taken way from driving under the influence they still allowed him to take charge of the cargo tanks.  The Evening of March, 23 he had went into two bars for a couple of drinks before getting on the ship. 
The damage the oil spill caused many of the animals living in that area to die off.  250,000 Sea Birds, 2,800 Sea Otters, 300 Harbor Seals, 250 Bald Eagles and 22 Killer Whales.  Not to mention what damaged it caused the fish, something that drives their economy.  The oil covered a national forest, four wildfire refuges, three national parks, five state parks, four critical habitat areas and a state game sanctuary.  Ten years after the disaster only twenty-three animal species that were injured had made a full recovery. 





For humans there isn’t any data on the effects the oil spill had.  But cleanup workers have reported health problems that they have traced back to the oil spill.  The health problems that some are experiencing in Alaska are the same that people have reported in the Gulf.  The symptoms include vomiting, nausea, headache, stomach pains, chest pains, dizziness, and even possibly dehydration and heat exhaustion.  Many people are still recovering from the oil spill just not physically but emotionally.  Many depended on fish as a source of income for their families once the oil spilled it destroyed them.  Many of the fisherman just decided it wasn’t worth staying there so they packed up and moved.  Just so they wouldn’t be effected by the damages of the oil spill. 

The tourism industry lost over 260,000 jobs and over 2.4 billion in sales.  Alaska still hasn’t fully recovered because some vacationers think it is still contaminated.  





Tuesday, November 10, 2015

Juvenile


Juvenile Delinquency 

The Juvenile court system was created in the United States.  That was about two hundred years ago.  The first court hearing was in Chicago, Illinois in 1899.  Before then children were seen as miniature adults and with any criminal act they were punished like adults.  Through 1880 to 1920 the immigration population was increasing and so was urbanization causing hundreds of poor and needy children to become involved in criminal activity.  If they were convicted of a crime they were housed with the adults.  Realizing afterwards that it wasn’t the best idea.  The children housed with the adult criminals started learning about adult criminal behaviors.  After leaving the institution they began their lives like how they were taught by the adult inmates.  That’s when the separation of the juvenile court systems and the correctional institutions were created.  The early institutions emphasized on teaching of life and trade skills.  The logic behind this was if they were taught meaningful skills, they would be more likely to contribute to the society in a positive way when they are released.  During the progressive era there were three types of institutions in the United States.  Housing refuge focused on reeducating and used an undefined sentencing, it also taught religion and the juveniles were able to learn special trades through apprenticeships.  This institution used military style to promote discipline and structure.  The only bad thing about this institution is was often overcrowded and the teens were seemingly over worked.  New reformatories were accepted in the mid 1800’s.  It was cottages or foster homes that were on farms.  There dynamic was family oriented and they focused on hard manual labor.  The housing refuge and the new reformatories had the same problems. Being overcrowded and noticing that the youth was being over worked.  In the mid 1880’s separate institutions were created for females.  They were taught domestic and childrearing skills.  1994 Prince v. Massachusetts was the first time where the court operated under a new philosophy called parens patriae.  Parens Patriae meant that the state could act “as a parent” and it gave the court power to step in and to have its best interest in the child’s well-being. 

 

Minors are people who are under the age of eighteen.  However twenty-one people are able to gamble and drink.  Not all minor are considered juveniles all because of criminal responsibility.  Minors under the age of seven can be tried in the juvenile courts but parents are most likely to be liable.  The ages between seven and fifteen are the main candidates for the juvenile court system.  But there are cases where twelve through eighteen year olds are taken to juvenile courts but are tried as adults.  It just depends on the severity of the crime. 

 

Minors who are tried as adults and that are housed with adults they are more likely to commit more crimes and will commit violent acts. Compared to the minors that stay in the juvenile court system.  The longer sentences and the transitioning of juvenile to adult system was popular in the 1980’s and 1990’s due to the increase of juvenile crime.  The law didn’t discourage youth from committing crimes.  “Not only does it not deter youth crime, it actually makes them more violent,” Johnson said.  “It may solve our desire to punish. But don’t get that confused with rehabilitation.  Don’t make the mistake of believing that punishment will help anything.”  The campaign for Youth Justice did a research on youth being in adult jails and prisons and compared the results to minors that stay in the juvenile system.  On average 7,500 people 18 or younger are in adult jails or prisons.  They are also more likely to become victims of sexual abuse and are more likely to commit suicide.  The result they found went to the senate to be reevaluated.  The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act wants youths to be housed separately from the adults.  Depending on the crime sixteen and seventeen year olds accused of crimes like rape or murder are sent to the adult system. 
 

The cons of juveniles tried as adults

1.       Juveniles can’t be held to the same levels of accountability

2.       The role of parents and juvenile criminals

3.       Not always a sign of things to come

 

The pros of juveniles tried as adults

1.       A crime is a crime

2.       Deters crime

3.       Makes criminals of all ages understand their actions

4.       18 is too high as a cutoff for children

 


My personal opinion I don’t think that minors should be housed in adult prisons and jails.  In the juvenile system they are getting the help they need on their level.  If they go into the adult system I think the problems they are facing won’t be solved.  Later in life when they get older they could possibly end up in the adult system.  The system needs to create a way so that the youth won’t do the things they do to get in the system if they seek help while in the system.  Even if the crime is very major I don’t think minors should be housed with the adults.

 

 
 
http://nlcatp.org/7-vital-pros-and-cons-of-juveniles-tried-as-adults/
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/29/AR2007112901936.html
http://criminal.findlaw.com/juvenile-justice/juvenile-crime.html

Monday, August 31, 2015



The History behind the Confederate Flag.

The forming of the Confederate States came about in early 1861, in forming they had to make a flag for the new nation.  Making the flag they noticed they wanted to keep it like the United States flag with the three stripes and seven stars.  As more states joined more stars were added eventually they had thirteen stars for thirteen states.  The first Battle was Bull Run and it raised some concerns.  They noticed that the flag they made didn’t set them apart.  So General P.G.T. Beauregard had to come up with a flag that made them different that’s when they came up with the confederate flag we know today.  The battle flag that was made was similar to the one that was proposed for the new nations.  The first time it was used December of 1861 in a battle and gained acceptance wide spread from soldiers and others in general.  The battle flag is known as the Battle flag of the Army of Northern Virginia.   
 


Flying the Confederate Flag

The civil war flag of the South is a big debate right now.  Is the Confederate flag a sign of heritage or discrimination against African Americans?  The debate all started after Dylann Roof murdered nine people in a historically black church in Charleston, South Carolina.  In the pictures they found of him he was supporting the flag that raised questions.  The confederate flag is a style of life for southerners to many it’s a symbol of heritage, and culture.  It’s becoming more popular to see the flag on clothing and accessories.  Country music is also associated with the flag so with that people with wear clothing in support of the south.  The flag is known by many from the television series the “Dukes of Hazard” on the roof of a 1969 Dodge Charger.  Mississippi is the only state that still embraces the confederate battle cross on their flag.  In 2001 a state-wide referendum was voted on due to their flag a two-one vote allowed them to keep it on their flag.  But many businesses are taking down the controversial items they feel as keeping those items that have the flag on them they would be supporting or promoting hatred. 


 More Meaning than Heritage

For many people they view the flag as a sign of hate and not southern pride.  Where you stand on this topic is based on where you grew up.  Growing up different school districts will be biased on the Civil War.  The Southern states wanted to keep slavery and the Northern states wanted to no longer do that.  Civil rights activist and African Americans won’t accept the flag, even though it doesn’t enforce slavery anymore it’s the presents it makes when being used now as a symbol as hatred towards a specific race.  The Swastika is in the same category when first made it was seen as good symbol but after the holocaust it will always be associated with bad things.  The symbol is and will always symbolize something greater. 






Globalization

When thinking about a product that is known all over the world, what comes to mind is Coca-Cola.  The soft drink many people enjoy today was created in 1886 in Atlanta, Georgia.  The company wanted to expand in the early 1900’s and they shared it with Asia and Europe.  During WWII soldiers were handed coca cola and it became the drink of Americans.  The French didn’t want the drink and when the shipment came to them they crushed all the bottles. 

During the Cold War the Soviet Union banned Coca Cola, in 1979 it was an official sponsor.  A year later it was at the World Ice Hockey championships in Moscow.  Other countries slowly started opening up to the drink like China, and Germany.  The only places today that can’t get trade from the U.S. would be North Korea, Cuba. 

Coca Cola has an effect on Zambia, Africa in a way of saving the lives.  It all started when a man named Simon Berry went to Africa in 1998.  He found that many of the people were sick and they were poor but everywhere you went you were able to buy a Cola.  Berry also seen there were a lot of young pregnant women, he just knew he had to help them.  They were lacking the medicine needed to help the illnesses.  He noticed that there were a lot of crates from the drinks so he supplied it with things to help the cleaning of water and prevent dehydration.  That is when the Cocalife was born and since 2008 Simon has been trying to get support from all over the world.  He has been in contact with Coca Cola to try to get them to help support those in need in Africa. 

The Hope Project was after the earthquake that destroyed Haiti in January of 2010.  Coca Cola it made it their mission to help get Haiti’s economy back.  Their number one product is mangos, they wanted to support a long-term relationship and that would be to build a juice industry.  Cola’s plan was to donate 100 percent of the proceeds that they got from selling their drinks that created for the program, projected to make 25,000 opportunities to mango farmers.  It would double the income of farmers and would raise the standard of living.  The company is also focusing on HIV/AIDS education, in 2009 they educated nearly 4,600 children and it impacted the lives of more than 31,000 people. 

Coca Cola China is a well-known international company and is leader of soft drink.  China has invested US 5 billion in the local market.  The company is promoting sustainable environmental projects and the development of local communities through education and cooperative endeavors.  They are the only corporation that has sponsored the Special Olympics.  Their mission for the planet is to “be a responsible citizen that makes a difference by helping build and support sustainable communities.”  The core values of the corporation are leadership, collaboration, integrity, accountability, passion, diversity, and quality. 










http://www.coca-colacompany.com/press-center/press-releases/coca-cola-continues-strong-investment-in-china-with-opening-of-43rd-production-facility



Good News on the Environment





August 20th, 2012


Environmental Issue and Solution Explained


Specific solutions or changes that are working are described


Johnson & Johnson is banning the use of harmful chemicals in their products.  After 30 recalls since 2009 it became very costly for the company.  They had planned to have all the toxic chemicals removed by 2013 in their baby products.  This movement will also extend into the adult products.  Their goal by 2015 is to be the first company ever to remove harmful chemicals from their products. 



Causes of the original problem are highlighted and recognition of the problem is considered


1, 4 dioxide and preservative formaldehyde which over time releases quaternium-15 to kill bacteria is a skin, eye and respiratory irritant.  Campaign for safe cosmetics made a site for tips on shopping for the safest products and the potential hazards and ingredients.  That led to consumers to the idea that they would boycott their products.  They agreed to make baby products safer. 




Political and social consideration of the problem are evaluated


The FDA eventually got involved in scrutinizing Johnson & Johnson “ranging from wrong levels of active ingredient and nauseating package odors to tiny shards of glass and metal in liquid medicines”.



Side-effects, benefits, and possible unanticipated consequences are acknowledged


Johnson and Johnson redeem its image with personal products by removing the chemicals.  Product loyalty since the company has been around for a while and people just won’t change because it has been a staple to their lives. Being proactive before things happened, they have a conscious.  Most company’s wait until something bad happens before they change something. The other thing is the consumers were able to impact the change to remove the harmful toxins.  Unanticipated consequence before they took action would have resulted in a death. 




For years environmental and health groups were pushing the company to get rid of the toxic chemicals.  In there No Tears baby shampoo it had carcinogen formaldehyde.  Their mission is to give customers peace of mind when they use their products.  The coalition includes more than 170 nonprofit groups.


In conclusion Johnson & Johnson realized the harmful effects of their products through consumer outcry for change.  They took the necessary steps to correct the issue and remain the leader of healthcare products.  Also being the first company to remove harmful toxins in their products.




http://www.cbsnews.com/news/johnson-johnson-to-phase-out-potentially-harmful-chemicals-by-2015/



Biomass Energy

Through the process of photosynthesis, it makes carbon-dioxide present in the air and water from the ground in carbohydrates. The chemical energy that is present in plants is passed through a chain of animals to humans.



Basically, biomass is a renewable source of energy because we can always produce more crops and plants and waste will always exist. As long as biomass is being produced and since it is a renewable energy it will last forever.

The resources it needs to succeed are land, water, sun, humans and animals.
The types of waste or side-effects that come along with Biomass energy.  The main thing that will never go away is waste.  It could contribute to global warming if the plants are being burned but not replanted.  A result of not replanting the pants it could cause CO2 will be put in the air.  Another thing to consider is it's expensive to research and handout money to limit or reduce the cost of the biomass fuels.  Loss of energy because of the small scale and the land that is needed for the project may be in demand for like conservation or housing or agriculture. 
The government provide a production tax credit but any other tax and investment incentives will be given to create the energy system.

Part 2
It is bigger than fossil fuels because its hard to produce and process a certain amount in one place.  Transportation costs are reduced tremendously because of the way it is shipped.  Biomass is shipped by water compared to transporting it by a hauling truck.  An advantage to this is local and the rural communities are able to be self-sufficient, sustainable, and able to adapted to their needs.
Biomass energy can be used off grid to be transported by water.  It is useful for transportation because there are ways to increase energy density and decreases shipping.
Biomass is a centralized system in the U.S.


Part 3

1.    Regulatory barriers

a.    Environmental benefits

b.    The permitting process

c.    Open vs. closed loop

2.    Education and Awareness

a.    Public awareness

b.    Voice for the industry

c.    Educational curriculum
The education of both decision makers and the public. 
The federal government should apply present fuel incentives to bioproducts and biopower.
Study the policies that are already in place to encourage greater use of the resources and technologies.
Tax, investment incentives and credits.
People involved at consumer level with biomass.
Certify that this energy technology will be sustainable.






 



 


Juvenile System
The juvenile court system was created in the United States.  That was bout two hundred years ago.  The first court hearing was in Chicago, Illinois in 1899.  Before then children were seen as miniature adults and with any criminal act they were punished like adults.  Through 1880 to 1920 the immigration population was increasing and so was urbanization causing hundreds of poor and needy children to become involved in criminal activity.  If they were convicted of a crime they were housed with the adults.  Realizing afterwards that it wasn't the best idea.  The children housed with the adult criminals started learning about adult criminal behaviors.  After leaving the institution they began their lives like how they were taught.  That's when the separation of the juvenile court systems and the correctional institutions were created.  The early institutions emphasized on teaching of life and trade skills.  The logic behind this was if they were taught meaningful skills, they would be more likely to contribute to the society in a positive way when they are released.  During the progressive era there were three types of institution's in the United States.  Housing refuge focused on reeducation and used an undefined sentencing, it also taught religion and the juveniles were able to learn special trades through apprenticeships.  This institution used military style to promote discipline and structure.  The only bad thing about the institution it was often overcrowded and the teens were seemingly over worked.  New reformatories were accepted in the mid 1800's.  It was cottages or foster homes that were on farms. 
 
There dynamic was family oriented and they focused on hard manual labor.  The housing refuge and the new reformatories had the same problems.  Being overcrowded and noticing that the youth was being over worked.  In the mid 1880's separation of institutions were created for females.  They were taught domestic and childrearing skills,  In 1994 Prince v. Massachusetts was the first time where the court operated under a new philosophy called parens patriaeParen Patriae meant that the state could act "as a parent" and it gave the court power to step in and to have to best interest in the child's well-being. 












Minors are people who are under the age of eighteen.  However twenty-one people are able to gamble and drink.  Not all minors are considered juveniles all because of criminal responsibility.  Minors under the age of seven can be tried in the juvenile courts but most likely the parents would be liable.  The ages between seven and fifteen are the main candidates for the juvenile court system.  But there are cases where twelve through eighteen year olds are taken to juvenile courts but are tried as adults.  It just depend on the severity of the crime. 

Minors who are tired as adults and that are housed with adults they are more likely to commit more crimes and will commit violent acts.  Compared to the minors that stay in the juvenile court system.  The longer sentences and the transitioning of juvenile to adult system was popular in the 1980's and 1990's due to the increase of juvenile crime.  The law didn't discourage youth from committing crimes.  "Not only does it not deter youth crime, it actually makes them more violent, Johnson said.  "It may solve our desire to punish.  But don't get that confused with rehabilitation.  Don't make the mistake of believing that punishment will help anything."  (Washington Post)  The campaign for Youth Justice did a research on youth being in adult jails and prisons and compare the results to minors that stay in the juvenile system.  On average 7,500 people eighteen or younger are in adult jails or prisons.  They are also more likely to become victims of sexual abuse and are more likely to commit suicide.  The result they found went to the senate to be reevaluated.  The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act wants youths to be housed separately from the adults.  Depending on the crime sixteen and seventeen year olds accused of crimes like rape or murder are sent to the adult system. 


 
 The cons of juveniles tried as adults









 1. Juveniles can't be held to the same levels of accountability
2. The role of parents and juvenile criminals

3. Not always a sign of things to come

The pros of juveniles tried as adults

1. A Crime is a crime
2. Deters crime
3. Makes criminals of all ages understand their actions
4.Eighteen is too high as a cutoff for children



My personal opinion I don't think that minors should be housed in adult prisons and jails.  In the juvenile system they are getting the help they need on their level.  If they go into the adult system I think the problems they are facing won't be solved.  Later in life when they get older they could possibly end up in the adult system.  The system needs to create a way so that the youth won't do the things they do to get in the system if they seek help while in the system.  Even if the crime is very major I don't think minors should be housed with adults.
 






http://nlcatp.org/7-vital-pros-and-cons-of-juveniles-tried-as-adults/
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/29/AR2007112901936.html


http://criminal.findlaw.com/juvenile-justice/juvenile-crime.html